India is home to incredible biodiversity — from snow-clad Himalayas to dense tropical forests and coastal mangroves. To protect these rich ecosystems, the government established special protected areas called Biosphere Reserves. These reserves conserve not just wildlife, but also the natural balance between humans and nature.
If you’re wondering, “How many biosphere reserves are there in India?”, the answer is that India has 18 biosphere reserves as of 2025. Let’s understand what they are, where they are located, and why they are so important.
What Is a Biosphere Reserve?
A biosphere reserve is a large area that aims to conserve biological diversity, promote sustainable development, and support scientific research.
These reserves are part of the UNESCO Man and the Biosphere (MAB) Programme, which encourages harmony between people and their environment.
Each biosphere reserve is divided into three zones:
Core Zone: The most protected area where no human activity is allowed. It’s dedicated to wildlife and habitat conservation.
Buffer Zone: Limited human activity like research, tourism, and education is allowed.
Transition Zone: Local communities live and use natural resources sustainably.
This structure ensures conservation while allowing people and nature to coexist peacefully.
Total Number of Biosphere Reserves in India
As of 2025, India has 18 biosphere reserves, spread across different ecological regions of the country. Out of these, 12 are part of the UNESCO World Network of Biosphere Reserves (WNBR) — recognized globally for their ecological significance.
List of Biosphere Reserves in India
Here’s the complete list of all 18 biosphere reserves along with their locations and key highlights:
| S.No. | Name of Biosphere Reserve | Location (State/UT) | Year Established | UNESCO Status |
| 1 | Nilgiri | Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Karnataka | 1986 | ✔️ (UNESCO, 2000) |
| 2 | Nanda Devi | Uttarakhand | 1988 | ✔️ (UNESCO, 2004) |
| 3 | Nokrek | Meghalaya | 1988 | ✔️ (UNESCO, 2009) |
| 4 | Gulf of Mannar | Tamil Nadu | 1989 | ✔️ (UNESCO, 2001) |
| 5 | Sundarbans | West Bengal | 1989 | ✔️ (UNESCO, 2001) |
| 6 | Manas | Assam | 1989 | ✔️ (UNESCO, 1989) |
| 7 | Simlipal | Odisha | 1994 | ✔️ (UNESCO, 2009) |
| 8 | Dibru-Saikhowa | Assam | 1997 | — |
| 9 | Dehang-Debang | Arunachal Pradesh | 1998 | — |
| 10 | Pachmarhi | Madhya Pradesh | 1999 | ✔️ (UNESCO, 2009) |
| 11 | Khangchendzonga | Sikkim | 2000 | ✔️ (UNESCO, 2018) |
| 12 | Agasthyamalai | Tamil Nadu, Kerala | 2001 | ✔️ (UNESCO, 2016) |
| 13 | Achanakmar-Amarkantak | Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh | 2005 | ✔️ (UNESCO, 2012) |
| 14 | Great Nicobar | Andaman & Nicobar Islands | 1989 | ✔️ (UNESCO, 2013) |
| 15 | Kachchh (Kutch) | Gujarat | 2008 | — |
| 16 | Cold Desert | Himachal Pradesh | 2009 | — |
| 17 | Seshachalam Hills | Andhra Pradesh | 2010 | — |
| 18 | Panna | Madhya Pradesh | 2011 | ✔️ (UNESCO, 2020) |
(✔️ indicates inclusion in the UNESCO World Network of Biosphere Reserves.)
Top Biosphere Reserves You Should Know About
Let’s take a closer look at some of India’s most famous biosphere reserves.
1. Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve (Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Karnataka)
India’s first biosphere reserve, established in 1986.
Home to endangered species like the Nilgiri tahr and lion-tailed macaque.
Includes national parks like Mudumalai, Wayanad, and Bandipur.
2. Sundarbans Biosphere Reserve (West Bengal)
World’s largest mangrove forest and habitat of the Royal Bengal Tiger.
Recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Protects the Sundarbans Delta formed by the Ganga, Brahmaputra, and Meghna rivers.
3. Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve (Uttarakhand)
Located in the Himalayan region, surrounding the Nanda Devi peak.
Includes Valley of Flowers National Park.
Known for its alpine flora and snow leopard population.
4. Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve (Tamil Nadu)
India’s first marine biosphere reserve.
Comprises 21 islands between India and Sri Lanka.
Famous for coral reefs, seagrasses, and endangered marine species like dugongs.
5. Great Nicobar Biosphere Reserve (Andaman & Nicobar Islands)
The southernmost biosphere reserve in India.
Contains rare tropical rainforests and unique tribal communities like the Shompens.
Home to Indira Point, the southernmost point of Indian territory.
6. Panna Biosphere Reserve (Madhya Pradesh)
Importance of Biosphere Reserves in India
Biosphere reserves are essential for both environmental conservation and sustainable human development.
Key Objectives:
Conserve biodiversity: Protects rare plants, animals, and ecosystems.
Support research: Encourages scientific studies on ecology and wildlife.
Promote sustainable living: Involves local communities in resource management.
Protect cultural heritage: Preserves traditional knowledge and indigenous practices.
These reserves are living laboratories where humans and nature coexist responsibly.
India’s Global Contribution
India is part of the UNESCO Man and the Biosphere Programme (MAB), which connects biosphere reserves from across the world.
Out of India’s 18 biosphere reserves, 12 are recognized internationally by UNESCO.
These include Nilgiri, Sundarbans, Nanda Devi, Gulf of Mannar, Manas, Simlipal, Pachmarhi, Achanakmar-Amarkantak, Agasthyamalai, Khangchendzonga, Great Nicobar, and Panna.
This international recognition highlights India’s commitment to sustainable development and biodiversity conservation.
Challenges Faced by Biosphere Reserves
Despite their protected status, many reserves face threats due to human and environmental pressures.
Major Challenges:
Deforestation and illegal mining
Poaching and wildlife trafficking
Pollution and waste from tourism
Climate change and habitat loss
Conflict between local communities and conservation laws
Addressing these issues requires continuous monitoring, education, and eco-friendly development practices.
Steps Taken by India to Protect Biosphere Reserves
Eco-development Programs: Encourage sustainable livelihood options for locals.
Community Participation: Involvement of tribal and local populations in conservation.
Wildlife Protection Act (1972): Provides a legal framework for protecting endangered species.
Project Tiger & Project Elephant: Integrate with biosphere conservation efforts.
Awareness Campaigns: Promote eco-tourism and environmental education.
These measures ensure that India’s rich biodiversity continues to thrive for future generations.
Conclusion
To sum up, India has 18 biosphere reserves, representing every major ecosystem — from the Himalayas and deserts to islands and coastal plains. These reserves not only conserve wildlife and natural habitats but also promote sustainable coexistence between humans and nature.
With 12 reserves recognized by UNESCO, India stands as a global leader in biodiversity conservation. Protecting these fragile ecosystems is vital, not just for India’s environmental health but for the planet’s ecological balance as a whole.
FAQs
How many biosphere reserves are there in India in 2025?
As of 2025, there are 18 biosphere reserves in India, out of which 12 are recognized by UNESCO under the World Network of Biosphere Reserves.
Which is the first biosphere reserve in India?
The Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve, established in 1986, is the first biosphere reserve in India.
Which is the largest biosphere reserve in India?
The Gulf of Kachchh (Kutch) in Gujarat is the largest biosphere reserve in India, covering around 12,454 sq km.
Which is the smallest biosphere reserve in India?
The Dibru-Saikhowa Biosphere Reserve in Assam is one of the smallest, covering about 765 sq km.
How many Indian biosphere reserves are recognized by UNESCO?
Out of 18 biosphere reserves in India, 12 are recognized by UNESCO as part of the World Network of Biosphere Reserves (WNBR).
